A Case Study on Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Potential in Smallholder Pig and Wild Boar Farms in Vietnam
Corressponding author's email:
thaontt@hcmute.edu.vnDOI:
https://doi.org/10.54644/jte.2026.2265Keywords:
Global Warming Potential, GHG, Livestock Production, Manure Management, Wild BoarAbstract
Livestock production contributes a large share of total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the agricultural sector, with manure management being one of the major emission sources. This study assessed the GHG emission potential of two household-scaled pig and wild boar farms, as well as a GHG inventory for recommended farm waste mitigation alternatives. The research identified emission "hotspots" produced mostly by enteric digestion and manure management practices. Pig farming had a GHG emission ratio 1.5 times greater than wild boar farming. Because of the dispersed nature of smallholder livestock production and waste management systems, GHG mitigation efficiency has been low. Among the mitigation solutions, fully treating manure with anaerobic digestion (biogas) was found to be the most effective, giving the lowest emission factor and reducing GHG emissions by about 40-60% when compared to the baseline emissions of the two farming systems. As a result, conducting household-scale GHG inventory would help businesses and policymakers find optimal mitigation solutions and build appropriate emission reduction routes that are linked with national targets.
Downloads: 0
References
H. Blonk, M. v. Paassen, N. Draijer, M. Tyszler, N. Braconi, and J. v. Rijn, "Agri-footprint 6 Methodology Report," Groen van Prinsterersingel 45, 2805 TD Gouda, The Netherlands, 2023.
B. Magadia, R. Demafelis, A. Obligado, H. Avilla, E. P. Estante, and G. A. Briones, "Analyzing Carbon and Nitrogen Balances in Swine Production Systems: A Methodology to Evaluate the Global Warming Potential of Swine Production in the Philippines," Journal of Environmental Science and Management, vol. sp, p. 1, 2025 DOI: https://doi.org/10.47125/jesam/2025_sp1/01
H. Li, S. Hu, and H. Tong, "Carbon footprint of household meat consumption in China: A life-cycle-based perspective," Applied Geography, vol. 169, p. 103325, 2024.
H. Li, S. Hu, and H. Tong, "Carbon footprint of household meat consumption in China: A life-cycle-based perspective," Applied Geography, vol. 169, p. 103325, 2024. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2024.103325
R. Sharma, T. T. Nguyen, and U. Grote, "Changing Consumption Patterns-Drivers and the Environmental Impact," Sustainability, vol. 10, p. 4190, 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su10114190
H. T. Hue, "Assessing greenhouse gas mitigation costs using the macc tool in livestock waste management in Hanoi," (in Vietnamese), Hydraulic engineering and environmental science, vol. 96, 12/2025.
B. Kunter and N. Keskİn, "Agricultural and natural sciences Theory, current researches and new trends," Cetinje, Montenegro, 2020.
P. Nguyen Thi Kim and T. T. L. Le, "Trade-offs in greenhouse gas emissions for financial efficiency in chili pepper and chicken farming models in Hon Dat district, Kien Giang province," (in Vietnamese), Can Tho University Journal of Science, vol. 59, pp. 42-53, 2023.
G. Hao, H. Zhu, and Y. Cui, "Measurement and Influencing Factors of Carbon Emissions of China’s Livestock Husbandry in the Post-COVID-19 Era—Based on the Supply-Side Perspective," Sustainability, vol. 15, p. 913, 2023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su15020913
N. V. Hieu and N. H. Nam, "Current situation of greenhouse gas emissions in Vietnam: Opportunities and challenges," (in Vietnamese), Vietnam Journal of Hydrometeorology, vol. 728, pp. 51-66, 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.36335/VNJHM.2021(728).51-66
T. S. Nguyen and T. T. Tran, "Assessment of greenhouse gas emissions from the pig production in Cam Lam, Khanh Hoa province," (in Vietnamese), Journal of fisheries science and technology, pp. 039-047, 2023.
N. T. T. Thuan, C. T. Anh, L. Q. Huy, and N. T. B. Dung, "Assessment of greenhouse gas emissions from the pig production in Lam Dong," (in Vietnamese), Journal of science and technology development, vol. 20, 2017.
D. T. H. Van, T. T. Phuong, N. T. My, and C. T. Son, "Assessment of the Current Status of Waste Management and Proposed Improvement Solutions for Pig-Farms in Hatinh Province," (in Vietnamese), Proceedings of the National Scientific Conference “Agricultural and Rural Environment and Sustainable Development, 2024.
IPCC, "2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. Volume 2: Energy," 2006.
IPCC, "2019 refinement to the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories. Volume 4: Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use," 2019.
M. O. N. R. A. E. O. Vietnam, "Decision No. 2626/QD-BTNMT dated October 10, 2022 issued by the Ministry of Natural Resources And Environment Of Vietnam, Publishing list of emission factors serving greenhouse gas inventory development. Ministry of Natural Resources And Environment Of Vietnam," (in Vietnamese), 2022.
I. P. o. C. Change, "IPCC Global Warming Potential Values," 2020.
M. o. A. a. R. Development, "Circular No. 19/2024/TT-BNNPTNT dated December 3, 2024, issued by the Ministry of Agriculture And Rural Development, Regulating techniques for measurement, reporting, verification of greenhouse gas emission reduction and greenhouse gas inventory in the livestock sector. Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development," (in Vietnamese), 2024.
M. o. N. R. a. Environment and C. C. Department, "Official Document No. 1726/BDKH-PTCBT dated December 3, 2024, issued by the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment and Climate Change Department, The announcement of the results of calculating the emission factor of Vietnam's power grid in 2023. Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment and Climate Change Department," (in Vietnamese), 2023.
V. Government, "Decree No. 14/2021/ND-CP dated March 1, 2021, issued by the Vietnam Government, Regulating penalties for administrative offences involving animal husbandry. The Vietnam Government," (in Vietnamese), 2021.
P. J. Gerber, Steinfeld, H., Henderson, B., Mottet, A., Opio, C., Dijkman, J., Falcucci, A. & Tempio, G., "Tackling climate change through livestock – A global assessment of emissions and mitigation opportunities. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rome," 2013.
M. M. Scholtz, J. B. J. Van Ryssen, H. H. Meissner, and M. C. Laker, "A South African perspective on livestock production in relation to greenhouse gases and water usage," South African Journal of Animal Science, vol. 43, p. 247, 2013.
M. M. Scholtz, J. B. J. Van Ryssen, H. H. Meissner, and M. C. Laker, "A South African perspective on livestock production in relation to greenhouse gases and water usage," South African Journal of Animal Science, vol. 43, p. 247, 2013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4314/sajas.v43i3.2
T. H. Son, V. V. Doanh, and L. N. Thuan, "Study on greenhouse gas inventory according to ISO 14064-1:2018 standard in supporting industry enterprises," (in Vietnamese), Environment Magazine, vol. Special topic II, pp. 8-15, 2024
A. Kool, H. Blonk, T. Ponsioen, W. Sukkel, H. Vermeer, J. d. Vries, et al., "Carbon footprints of conventional and organic pork," Blonk Milieu Advies BV, The Netherlands, 2010.
L. Zhang, G. Yin, Z. Wei, W. Li, C. Cui, M. Wang, et al., "Potential and Pathways of Carbon Emission Reduction in China’s Beef Production from the Supply Chain Perspective," Agriculture, vol. 14, p. 1190, 2024. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14071190
Y. Yu, Q. Li, Y. Bao, E. Fu, Y. Chen, and T. Ni, "Research on the Measurement and Influencing Factors of Carbon Emissions in the Swine Industry from the Perspective of the Industry Chain," Sustainability, vol. 16, p. 2199, 2024. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su16052199
X. Dai, X. Wu, Y. Chen, Y. He, F. Wang, and Y. Liu, "Real Drivers and Spatial Characteristics of CO2 Emissions from Animal Husbandry: A Regional Empirical Study of China," Agriculture, vol. 12, p. 510, 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12040510
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Technical Education Science
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Copyright © JTE.
